The TNT and ANFO equivalences of the Beirut explosion
On 4 August 2020, an estimated 2.75 kt of ammonium nitrate exploded in the Port of Beirut, Lebanon. Rigby et al. (Shock Waves 30:671–675, 2020) used observations from numerous video recordings of the explosion to estimate the time-of-arrival of the primary shock at 38 positions, the distances of which from the centre of the explosion were determined from …
ANFO: The Tool of Destruction
ANFO is an acronym for the most popular blasting agents in use today. It stands for ammonium nitrate, fuel oil; and it is a simple mixture of the two. Ammonium nitrate is an …
FACTORS AFFECTING ANFO FUMES PRODUCTION
An ANFO mixture of 94 pct ammonium nitrate, 6 pct fuel oil is close to optimum from the perspective of minimum toxic fumes production. Previous research and theory show that the detonating ANFO will produce excessive levels of nitrogen oxides if the fuel oil content is too low and will produce excessive
AMMONIUM NITRATE-FUEL OIL MIXTURE | CAMEO …
Ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixture is commercially available as pale white, gray, yellow, or pink oil-covered prills with a petroleum odor. Non-commercially produced forms may be darker in color. It is used for blasting rock and in some types of mining.
555.220 Table of distances of ammonium nitrate and blasting agents …
Ammonium nitrate, by itself, is not considered to be a donor when applying this table. ammonium nitrate (AN), ammonium nitrate-fuel oil (ANFO) or combinations thereof are acceptors. If stores of AN are located within the sympathetic detonation distance of explosives or blasting agents, one-half the mass of the AN is to be included in the mass of the donor.
Hazard statements
Synonyms Ammonium nitrate/fuel oil, ANFO 94/6 Pure substance/mixture Mixture Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use Recommended use Blasting explosive. Uses advised against Do not use in reactive ground. Supplier Orica Australia Pty Ltd ABN: 99 004 117 828 1 Nicholson Street Melbourne 3000 Australia
13.3 Explosives Detonation
For ammonium nitrate and fuel oil (ANFO) mixtures, a fuel oil content of more than 5.5 percent creates a deficiency of oxygen. There are hundreds of different explosives, with no universally accepted system for classifying them. The classification used in Table 13.3-1 is based on the chemical composition of the explosives,
Towards “Green” ANFO: Study of …
Ammonium nitrate–fuel oil (ANFO) explosives are inexpensive and readily produced, but are highly prone to misfires, with the remaining explosive being a significant risk and environmental contaminant. In this work, …
Improving ANFO: Effect of Additives and …
Ammonium nitrate–fuel oil (ANFO) is one of the most widely used explosives for civilian purposes. Its main advantages are its low price and simple method of production. The main disadvantages of this material are low water …
ANFO: The Tool of Destruction
ANFO is an acronym for the most popular blasting agents in use today. It stands for ammonium nitrate, fuel oil; and it is a simple mixture of the two. Ammonium nitrate is an oxidizing agent that ...
Homemade Explosives: Current and Emerging Threats
Ammonia Nitrate/Fuel Oil. It is relatively easy to produce ammonium nitrate/fuel oil (ANFO) by obtaining the ingredients or by improvising them. Ammonium nitrate (AN) and fuel oil are widely ...
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) is so extensively used that it has displaced nitroglycerin based dynamites in many commercial explosives. Sadly, due to its explosive nature, it has been involved in repeated disasters, including the explosion of the ship SS Grandcamp docked in Texas City, ...
Ammonium Nitrate: What Firefighters Must Know
It is the main component of ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate/Fuel Oil), a popular explosive, which accounts for 80% of the explosives used in North America. Responding When Ammonium Nitrate Is Present The U.S. Department of Transportation classifies ammonium nitrate as an oxidizer, a Class 1.5 Insensitive Explosive, that can be an explosive by itself ...
The dependence of Ammonium-Nitrate Fuel-Oil (ANFO) …
Such divergence is responsible for the diameter-effect and failure-diameter phenomena in condensed-phase explosives and particularly dominant in detonation of nonideal explosives such as Ammonium Nitrate and Fuel Oil (ANFO).
A deep dive into ammonium nitrate fertilizer: Uses, benefits, …
As ammonium nitrate has oxidizing properties, it can easily release oxygen into the air. This can make it highly explosive when combined with combustible substances. When mixed with fuels like fuel oil and aluminum powder or with explosives like TNT, ammonium nitrate easily creates explosive compounds, including Amatex, Amatol, Minol, Tovex, etc.
Explosives
Ammonium nitrate-fuel oil (ANFO) blasting agents represent the largest industrial explosive manufactured (in terms of quantity) in the United States. This product is used primarily in mining and...
Channel effect of the modified powdery mixture of ammonium nitrate …
The modified powdery mixture of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil (MPANFO) is a new breed of industrial explosives developed years ago in China. As one of the important properties of an industrial explosive, the channel effect of MPANFO was reported in this paper. A series of experiments were conducted to determine the channel effect of MPANFO.
Emulsion Explosives: A Tutorial Review and Highlight of …
1. Introduction. Emulsion explosives (EE) are one of the most recently developed classes of energetic materials [1,2,3,4,5] and can be perceived as a step forward from the traditional energetic materials based on ammonium nitrate (AN), such as amatols, ammonals and ANFO (ammonium nitrate-fuel oil).EEs are obtained by physically or chemically …
physical chemistry
To use as an explosive or a blasting reagent, $ce{NH4NO3}$ is mixed with fuel oil, which is called ammonium nitrate fuel-oil (ANFO; Ref.1). According to Ref.2, during the …
AMMONIUM NITRATE EXPLOSIVES ARE SIMPLE, EASILY …
The commercial form of explosive uses ammonium nitrate and fuel oil, a combination known in the industry as ANFO. It is simply poured into holes drilled in rock.
How Do Fertilizer Bombs Work?
"The ammonium nitrate is like the engine behind the explosion, but the engine needs fuel," Goodpaster told Life's Little Mysteries. In fact, bombs need two components beside the fertilizer: a ...
February 19, 2021
ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixture, the entire motor vehicle or freight container shall be placarded as Division 1.1D. d. The requirements of § 177.835(a) are waived when the engine of a cargo tank motor vehicle is necessary for the operation of a pump, auger, or other equipment needed to load or unload materials from the vehicle. e.
Ammonium nitrate: What firefighters must know
If the fire is in the hot zone or impinging on any closed containers that contain ammonium nitrate or fuel oil, immediately begin removing all personnel from the hot zone. Aggressively expand the ...
Ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixture containing only prilled ammonium
Substance information for NA 0331 - Ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixture containing only prilled ammonium nitrate and fuel oil based on the Hazardous Materials Table (Title 49 CFR 172.101) to assist in preparing a risk assessment for loading, transporting and …
Chemical Advisory
Advisory contains information on recent and past accidents involving AMMONIUM NITRATE (commonly referred to as AN), on the hazards of AN, how to manage these hazards, and appropriate steps for community emergency planning and proper emergency response.
Ammonium Nitrate
Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) Any carbonaceous material mixed with ammonium nitrate (AN) will produce a possible explosive mixture. In fact AN, as a pure material is not classified as an explosive for transportation and storage unless it contains >0.4% carbonaceous material. However, there have been many apparent incidences of pure AN being ...
The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
On April 19, 1995, at 9:02 a.m. a forty-eight-hundred-pound ammonium nitrate–fuel oil bomb exploded in a Ryder truck parked at the north entrance of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in downtown Oklahoma City, killing 168 people and injuring approximately 850. The governor's office reported that thirty children were orphaned, 219 children ...
The Dependence of Ammonium-Nitrate Fuel-Oil …
explosives such as Ammonium Nitrate and Fuel Oil (ANFO). In this study, the effect of reaction zone flow di-vergence on ANFO detonation was explored through variation of the inert confinement and explosive diameter in the rate-stick geometry with cylinder expansion experiments. New tests are discussed and compared to prior experiments.
Explosive
As synthetic ammonia became less expensive because of improvements in manufacture and a raw material change from coal to natural gas, the explosives industry concentrated its efforts on substituting ammonium nitrate for nitroglycerin. Two important products were (1) low-density ammonia dynamites and (2) semigelatins. Prior to their …
SAFETY DATA SHEET
Ammonium nitrate SAFETY DATA SHEET Page 1 / 8 Creation Date 05-Oct-2010 Revision Date 22-Dec ... May ignite combustibles (wood paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Thermal decomposition can lead to release of irritating gases and vapors. Keep product and empty container away from heat and ... (solid,gas) No information available Explosion Limits No ...